Thursday, October 30, 2008

第一章:我們能改變自己嗎?

p.25 譯文:的確,數十年來以來,研究學者已知學習與記憶會造成大腦生理變化,其會在大腦中產生新的突觸(Synapses,為兩個神經元之間的接點)及加強現有突觸。而且,形成記憶之分子基礎上的發現易受評審青睞,而榮獲2000年諾貝爾生理醫學獎。

p.6 原文:Indeed, researchers have known for decades that learning and memory find their physiological expression in the formation of new synapses (points of connection between neurons) and the strengthening of existing ones; in 2000, the wise men of Stockholm even awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the molecular underpinnings of memory.

試譯:的確,研究學者早在幾十年前就知道,學習與記憶是透過腦內突觸(Synapses,為兩個神經元之間的接點)的變化而形成的。新突觸的形成,或者加強既有突觸的功能,都能達到學習與記憶的效果。2000年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎,就是頒給對形成記憶的分子,也就是突觸有重大科學發現的學者。

評論:
-找了很多資料,想瞭解學習、記憶、與突觸之間的關係。但是越找越混淆。到底是學習與記憶會形成突觸?還是突觸與學習和記憶的成效有關呢?網路上找到一篇引述麻省醫院期刊內容的文章。文章標題是:Want to Improve Memory? Strengthen Your Synapses. Here’s How http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/526385/
關於突觸、學習、與記憶的部分摘要如下:
The synapse is the point of communication between one neuron and a neighboring neuron, muscle cell or gland cell. It is the site where virtually all important brain activity emerges.

There are trillions of synapses in the brain: …Together they form a complex and flexible instrument upon which the music of our thoughts, behaviors and feelings is played out.
Research has established that, among its many functions, the synapse plays an important role in learning and memory. New information is absorbed and retained through a process characterized by changes in synaptic interconnections among neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, regions of the brain associated with memory.

It is generally agreed that learning occurs when the acquisition of new information causes synaptic changes…

Another theory ascribes learning to the strengthening of existing synapses. It is thought that the developing brain overproduces synapses early in life. Subsequently experience, by activating certain nerve cells repeatedly and ignoring others, determines which synapses become mature and stable and which ones wither away in a process of synaptic pruning. Over time, this process leaves us with only highly functional synapses. Learning and memory are thought to result when repeated stimulation of sets of neurons causes the communication across synapses to be strengthened, a condition called long-term potentiation.

-查了諾貝爾獎的網站,2000年的生理學或醫學獎是頒給以下三位科學家,表揚他們對突觸傳導的重大發現。【Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel - for their discoveries concerning "signal transduction in the nervous system"】中文翻譯的「易受評審青睞」有點過度翻譯。還有突然提到「形成記憶之分子基礎」,似乎和前面在討論「突觸」又不相干了。所以整段有點前後不連貫?建議翻法:2000年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎就是頒給對形成記憶的分子,也就是突觸有重大科學發現的學者。


http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/press.html

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