第一章：我們能改變自己嗎？

p.25 譯文：的確，數十年來以來，研究學者已知學習與記憶會造成大腦生理變化，其會在大腦中產生新的突觸（Synapses，為兩個神經元之間的接點）及加強現有突觸。而且，形成記憶之分子基礎上的發現易受評審青睞，而榮獲2000年諾貝爾生理醫學獎。

p.6 原文：Indeed, researchers have known for decades that learning and memory find their physiological expression in the formation of new synapses (points of connection between neurons) and the strengthening of existing ones; in 2000, the wise men of Stockholm even awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the molecular underpinnings of memory.

試譯：的確，研究學者早在幾十年前就知道，學習與記憶是透過腦內突觸（Synapses，為兩個神經元之間的接點）的變化而形成的。新突觸的形成，或者加強既有突觸的功能，都能達到學習與記憶的效果。2000年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎，就是頒給對形成記憶的分子，也就是突觸有重大科學發現的學者。

評論：
-找了很多資料，想瞭解學習、記憶、與突觸之間的關係。但是越找越混淆。到底是學習與記憶會形成突觸？還是突觸與學習和記憶的成效有關呢？網路上找到一篇引述麻省醫院期刊內容的文章。文章標題是：Want to Improve Memory? Strengthen Your Synapses. Here’s How http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/526385/
關於突觸、學習、與記憶的部分摘要如下：
The synapse is the point of communication between one neuron and a neighboring neuron, muscle cell or gland cell. It is the site where virtually all important brain activity emerges.

There are trillions of synapses in the brain: …Together they form a complex and flexible instrument upon which the music of our thoughts, behaviors and feelings is played out.
Research has established that, among its many functions, the synapse plays an important role in learning and memory. New information is absorbed and retained through a process characterized by changes in synaptic interconnections among neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, regions of the brain associated with memory.

It is generally agreed that learning occurs when the acquisition of new information causes synaptic changes…

Another theory ascribes learning to the strengthening of existing synapses. It is thought that the developing brain overproduces synapses early in life. Subsequently experience, by activating certain nerve cells repeatedly and ignoring others, determines which synapses become mature and stable and which ones wither away in a process of synaptic pruning. Over time, this process leaves us with only highly functional synapses. Learning and memory are thought to result when repeated stimulation of sets of neurons causes the communication across synapses to be strengthened, a condition called long-term potentiation.

-查了諾貝爾獎的網站，2000年的生理學或醫學獎是頒給以下三位科學家，表揚他們對突觸傳導的重大發現。【Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel - for their discoveries concerning "signal transduction in the nervous system"】中文翻譯的「易受評審青睞」有點過度翻譯。還有突然提到「形成記憶之分子基礎」，似乎和前面在討論「突觸」又不相干了。所以整段有點前後不連貫？建議翻法：2000年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎就是頒給對形成記憶的分子，也就是突觸有重大科學發現的學者。


http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/press.html

Practice on Translation Criticism

發行人的話 - 第一段

大腦的結構與功能真可以改變嗎？若真如此，那我們的思考與感覺也會受到影響嗎？答案絕對是肯定的。二○○四年末，頂尖的西方科學家來到達賴喇嘛目前居住的印度達蘭薩拉，針對這個問題發表演說。這個過程也為人類心靈的相關知識帶來了革命性衝擊。在這本內容廣泛且引人入勝的書中，華爾街日報科學專欄作家貝格利告訴我們，尖端科學與佛家古老智慧如何攜手合作去證明，人類如何擁有透過心靈變化而實質改變大腦的能力。這些發現，為個人特質的改造轉換帶來令人振奮的啟示。

From the Publisher - First Paragraph

Is it really possible to change the structure and function of the brain, and in so doing alter how we think and feel? The answer is a resounding yes. In late 2004, leading Western scientists joined the Dalai Lama at his home in Dharamsala, India, to address this very question–and in the process brought about a revolution in our understanding of the human mind. In this fascinating and far-reaching book, Wall Street Journal science writer Sharon Begley reports on how cutting-edge science and the ancient wisdom of Buddhism have come together to show how we all have the power to literally change our brains by changing our minds. These findings hold exciting implications for personal transformation.


譯文：大腦的結構與功能真可以改變嗎？若真如此，那我們的思考與感覺也會受到影響嗎？
原文：Is it really possible to change the structure and function of the brain, and in so doing alter how we think and feel?

譯評：這個句子大意應是 - 因為改變了xx之後，進一步造成xx結果。但是譯者的中文譯法似乎沒有表達出原文的因果關係。比較建議的翻譯方式為：「我們真的有辦法改變大腦的結構與功能，因此而改變思考與感覺的方式嗎？」

譯文：二○○四年末，頂尖的西方科學家來到達賴喇嘛目前居住的印度達蘭薩拉，針對這個問題發表演說。這個過程也為人類心靈的相關知識帶來了革命性衝擊。

原文：In late 2004, leading Western scientists joined the Dalai Lama at his home in Dharamsala, India, to address this very question–and in the process brought about a revolution in our understanding of the human mind.

譯評：「頂尖西方科學家」是對照著原文「Leading Western Scientists」 翻譯的。但是如果再進一步推敲，Leading Western Scientists所指的是在這些科學家所專精的領域中的翹楚，因此他們對這領域相關資訊的評論，會對學界與社會造成一定程度的影響。因此，建議可以翻譯成「權威科學家」「西方科學家來到達賴喇嘛目前居住的印度達蘭薩拉，針對這個問題發表演說。」的文意很怪。為什麼科學家要到印度演說？對照原文後發現譯文是錯誤的。「Address」的譯法，依據The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language，「Address」當作動詞時有幾個意思：1. to mark (a letter or parcel) with an address 2. to speak to 3. to direct one's attention to (a problem or an issue) 4. address oneself to。在這段文字裡，「address」的意義應該是「探討這個議題」。另外，達賴喇嘛在譯文中是沒有角色的。事實上，科學家是和達賴喇嘛一起探討這個問題。建議翻法：2004年底，西方權威科學家們與達賴喇嘛在他目前定居的印度達蘭薩拉，針對這個問題進行了座談。而這場座談，改變了我們對人類心靈的看法。

Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain

訓練你的心靈，改變你的大腦：正向心靈訓練可以改變你的大腦

Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain: How a New Science Reveals Our Extraordinary Potential to Transform Ourselves

作者：夏倫．貝格利
原文作者：Sharon Begley
譯者：蕭秀姍、黎敏中
出版社：久周出版
出版日期：2008年03月10日
語言：繁體中文 ISBN：9789866852251
裝訂：平裝